Source of excess energy
Abstract
The author offers for discussion an explanation for the excess energy
in cold fusion, an explanation which incorporates the concept of negative
time. The mathematical basis relies on the work of Dr. N. Kozyrev (Russia),
Dr. Nassikas (Greece), and Thomas Bearden (USA).
Introduction
"The Hypothesis and The Equations of The Unified Matter Field" by
Dr. A. A. Nassikas [1], is a rare instance of scientific and mathematical
publication devoted to fundamental questions that leads to a practical
approach to space-time engineering. In some sense it is a new solution
for the development of free energy and gravitation technologies. Dr. H.
E. Puthoff provided an overview of the topic based on the Casimir-effect
[2]. This was quite interesting, but the author's conclusion was
"only in principle, yes," but the engineering (practical applications)
is "a long way off." Also that the "warp drive" idea in the papers (1994-1997)
of Dr. Miguel Alcubierre, Max-Planck-Institute for Gravitationsphysik,
Albert-Einstein-Institute, Germany, is a fine idea, but it does not provide
any technological solution. The only author who proposed practical approaches
to vacuum engineering is Thomas E. Bearden. Let's see what analogies there
may be between Nassikas' work and the "Gravitobiology" by T. E. Bearden
to indicate the shortest practical way toward the technologies of the future.
The Engine of Space-Time
The vacuum or 'space-time medium" of T. E. Bearden is described as
cells of so called "gravitons." Those are "the coupled photon/anti-photon
pair." Note, that it is a paired process. To make it more clean physically,
we have to introduce the negative time axis for the "anti-photon-" So,
the notion for the "virtual particles" that is used in many papers as the
unlimited sea of free energy can be physically introduced only with the
notion of "negative time," and we must take into account the "surface
of time" or the "area of possible time directions." In this chronal
area, the pair of photon/anti-photon seems to be a balanced situation of
two processes that don't require any energy input, but it is a situation
that produces both photon and anti-photon forms of energy. In other words,
it is the "energy creation mechanics" itself. The law of energy conservation
seems to be the law for a "direct time" and "reversed time" balanced situation
only. Certainly in our reality it is possible to detect by means of some
measurements only half of the process, i.e. the positive time process of
the photon energy.
According to the hypothesis of Dr. A. A, Nassikas, there is no
space-time without energy since "The existence or the non-existence of
energy implies the existence or the non-existence of
space-time, and consequently of any geometry." On this point his concept
is closely connected with Bearden's "vacuum engine." Next point: by Nassikas,
the energy of positive or negative electrical charge of the particle, i.e..
its potential field energy can be presented as "equivalent to its internal
time." So, the sign of the charge can be defined by the "time axis direction"
and the process of the electron is some opposition to the process of the
positron. Bearden's photon/anti-photon pair is a similarly balanced situation.
Note, the mass particle here is considered as some dynamical process [3],
that is corresponding to some four-dimensional resonance condition, demonstrated
in calculations for the DNA-molecule and for other natural material elements.
A practical solution was proposed by Thomas Bearden to create
"the local rate of flow of time" that is "determined by the "local time-stress
of vacuum potential" is to apply some non-linear materials for translation
of energy between different frequencies and harmonics of electromagnetic
waves. Normally, i.e. in the ordinary time-flow situation, the non-linear
material produce the harmonics from a fundamental wave. But Bearden says
that "in a true time-reversed situation, non-linear materials can exhibit
the production of a stronger fundamental from a combination of the fundamental
and its harmonics." The principle that is designated by Bearden as "Stokes'
principle of time reversibility" (G.G.Stokes (Camb. DubI, Math. J. 4. 1849,
p.l) is interesting, but we have to discuss something beyond this
that is connected with the potential form of energy, i.e. with Bearden's
"stress of vacuum."
Dr. A. A. Nassikas and Dr. Miguel Alcubierre independently proposed
to use the difference in local rate of the time flow as the source for
a propulsion force. According to Nassikas, if "the
space under the object attracts the object" more or less than the upper
one in strength of the different relative times around the object, gravitational
Propulsion can be achieved. So, all we need to take the next step from
theory to technology is to find a way to change the rate of time. Is it
too difficult? No, it is quite simple if we take into account some points:
a) The notion "time" in any case is connected with some certain
material system, for example, with some elementary particle or with some
planetary system. The different velocity of light in different materials
is a demonstration of this connection.
b) The "space" of some curvature (of some rate of time) is a
bi-directional or many-directional energy process. Electricity is one of
many possible balanced situations that is described as a
bi-directional or two-polarity case. For many-polarity energetic situations
there is the possibility of three or more time-flow directions.
c) There is no difference in principle between an atom and
the space around that atom, according to Faraday [4]. So, the balanced
chronal situation of the vacuum engine corresponds to some real properties
of matter and we can work with matter to reach the changes in the balance
of the vacuum engine in the area of this material object.
The vacuum is the medium of some known physical properties, for
example, the dielectrical permittivity. Physically, it is connected with
the velocity of spreading of the photon, and since we can work with different
materials of known properties, it means we have the possibility of changing
the parameters of the vacuum engine itself. One quite old example of a
practical application is USA Patent number 3,187,206, granted in 1959 to
Thomas T. Brown. The gradient of dielectrical permittivity is proposed
and experimentally proved as the source of reactionless force. It is necessary
to note that the same reactionless force is created at the border between
two different dielectrical materials of the electrical capacitor, as it
is described in many textbooks on the properties of dielectrical materials.
The problem of taking the next step to fundamental conclusions is understanding
the physical connection between the permittivity of a material, the velocity
of light in the material, and the local rate of time for this area of space.
The patents by Thomas T. Brown include also asymmetrical interaction
between electrodes. i.e, the topology of the electrical field. Let's note
the analogy between Nassikas' idea above on "energy and geometry of space"
and the invention by Brown of reactionless propulsion. The gradient of
the electrical potential that is created in the natural way with distance
from the electrically charged particle is a demonstration of the natural
topology of space, i.e. the electrical field is created according to the
law of creation of space itself. It is the reason for the analogy between
the formulation for electrical and gravitational interaction. We have the
possibility of changing the topology of the electrical field, for example
by means of the asymmetrical dielectrical member in the capacitor of Brown.
So we have the possibility of compensating the natural gradient created
by the
properties of space. It is the way to space-time engineering.
So, the conception by Dr. Nassikas and idea of Dr. Alcubierre
are a fine theoretical basis for the technology that was discovered and
proved in practice by Thomas T. Brown. Modern industry, specialized in
dielectrical materials, is ready now for cheap mass production of warp
drive systems. The same technology may be the basis for self rotating generators.
The way is short and all we need is the commercial demand and engineering
formulation of a step-by-step program.
The concept of negative time by Dr. Nassikas can
be useful also in understanding the over-unity effect that is demonstrated
in some cold fusion cells. The well-known Pons-Fleischmann experimental
set-up includes a cathode that is over-saturated by protons when the set-up
is operating. So, the local concentration of positively charged protons
can be considered as a local imbalance in vacuum engine and the local rate
of time in this area is different from the normal one. The processes are
produced by this local change of the curvature of space are multilevel
complex energy exchange, but the source of over-unity is the local concentration
of positive electrically charged protons that is due to the lnput power
source. Let's consider this point more carefully.
Any electrically charged particle can be presented as some volume
of space i.e. the gravitational space by Nassikas, G-space of energy Eg,
that is joined with some imaginary electromagnetic space of energy Eem.
Conservation of energy is presented as:
dEem + dEg =O
F.1
In my view, it is useful to change equation El to the form:
dEem = - dEg
E2
In this case it is obviously that mathematically the space of Eem has
an "imaginary" value, since the energy and the velocity are connected by
the quadratic root of the negative number.
The over-unity output in cold fusion systems means
the production of the excess heat energy. Certainly, some cold fusion systems
demonstrate power output as the result of nuclear
transmutation processes. But if we are considering the water to be
distilled H2O in which fusion does not occur, I have to suppose only one
way for excess heat production:
dEem >O if dEg<O
E3.
I must note that the idea is not a new one since the famous Russian
astrophysicist N.A. Kozyrev created in 1947-1980 the "conception
for active properties of the time." There is some natural physical mechanism
for production of heat energy that is demonstrated by any star and it is
not the thermonuclear reaction but the transformation of energy by the
mechanism of Kozyrev. In that concept, the kind of energy that is used
by the star for heat energy production is the "time flow." On the other
hand, we can take into consideration the gravitational description of space
instead of its chronal description, and the production of the heat is the
transformation of Eg that we noted above.
N.Kozyrev analyzed the wide experimental astrophysical
data to find the answer for the question of the common "special condition
of matter" inside any star to provide the transformation of energy Eg into
energy Eem. His conclusion [5] is quite simple:
B/n = 6 eV
F.4
where "B" is the density of the beam energy of the star and "n" is the
density of electrons in the volume of space.
We certainly cannot create the conditions
of stellar matter in the laboratory, but for a Pd-cathode in a cold
fusion cell, the situation is quite similar to Kozyrev's equation F.4 and
heat production can be detected as result of F.3. The difference is the
application of protons instead of electrons. To calculate this we have
to use the volume density of protons H+ in the material of the cathode
instead of the volumetrical density of electrons "n" in star matter.
.
Alexander V Frolov
St.-Petersburg, Russia
References
1. "The Hypothesis and The Equations of The Unified Matter Field" by Dr
A.A.Nassikas, Infinite Energy, March-June 1997, p. 120-124
2. "Can the vacuum be engineered for space flight applications? Overview
of theory and experiments," Dr. H.E. Puthoff. Infinite Energy, July-November,
1997.
3. "The Concept of Mass Process," Alexander V. Frolov, Proceedings
of International Scientific Conference "New Ideas in Natural Sciences,"
June 1996, St. Petersburg, Russia, Published by "Pik" Ltd.. 1996.
4. Letter from M. Faraday to R.Teilor of June 25, 1844, published
in Journal of Russian Physical Thought, N2, 1991, p. 81.
5. N.A. Kozyrev, Selected works, published by Leningrad State University,
1991, p.202, in Russian.
Alexander V. Frolov
Publsihed Infinity Energy, Issue 20. 1998 p.80-81
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